Everything below concerns HPLC-UV. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Last reviewed on 2026-08-01. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Analytical laboratories commonly use high-performance liquid chromatography to separate creatine from creatinine and related impurities. Ion chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and titration assays can also quantify the compound. Water content is measured by Karl Fischer titration or loss on drying, because the monohydrate has a defined theoretical water fraction. Particle size, bulk density, and flowability are physical properties that affect blending and capsule filling. These measurements support quality control and help verify that a lot matches its specification.
Regulatory status varies by country. In the United States, creatine monohydrate is sold as a dietary supplement ingredient, while in the European Union it is placed on the market as a food supplement component. Some jurisdictions have established purity monographs or permitted health claims, while others treat it as a novel food or require notification. Product labels may state the amount of creatine monohydrate or the equivalent creatine content, and the two figures can differ. Independent testing programs sometimes check identity, potency, and contaminant limits.
Creatine monohydrate is stable under dry, cool conditions but can degrade when exposed to moisture and heat. In solution, it undergoes hydrolysis to creatinine, a cyclic derivative with little role in phosphagen energy transfer. The rate of conversion increases with temperature, storage time, and acidic or alkaline pH. Solid material kept in a sealed container at room temperature generally retains its composition for extended periods. Moisture uptake is a primary concern because it can accelerate breakdown and caking.
As a supplement, creatine monohydrate is studied for its effects on muscle performance and recovery. The compound is often described as an ergogenic aid, meaning it may support physical work capacity. Research typically compares it with placebo or other forms, such as citrate or nitrate, under controlled conditions. Questions remain about the optimal dose and long-term effects in different populations, and findings are not uniform across all studies. The monohydrate form remains the most extensively tested.
Creatine monohydrate is a crystalline compound formed from creatine and one molecule of water. Its systematic name is N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine monohydrate, and it appears as a white, odorless powder with limited solubility in water. The monohydrate is the most common solid form used in research and commercial products because it is stable under dry conditions. The anhydrous form lacks the water of crystallization and differs slightly in molar mass. Both forms participate in the same biochemical reactions once dissolved.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Typical storage temperature | 15-25 °C | Sealed container; protect from moisture and direct heat. |
| Theoretical water content | About 12.1% | One water molecule per creatine molecule. |
| Primary degradation product | Creatinine | Formed by cyclization, especially in aqueous solution. |
| Common analytical method | HPLC-UV | Used to separate creatine from creatinine and related impurities. |
| Regulatory classification (U.S.) | Dietary supplement ingredient | Other jurisdictions may classify it as a food supplement or novel food depending on rules. |
Laboratory analysis of creatine monohydrate typically uses high-performance liquid chromatography to separate creatine from creatinine and other impurities. Detection may be ultraviolet, refractive index, or mass spectrometric, depending on the laboratory's equipment and the required sensitivity. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can quantify the main component and identify related substances. Water content is measured by Karl Fischer titration, which is important because the monohydrate has a defined theoretical hydration level. Heavy metals, residual solvents, and microbial limits are also checked in quality control programs.
Commercial creatine monohydrate is produced mainly by chemical synthesis rather than extraction from animal tissue. Suppliers provide a certificate of analysis listing assay, water content, and impurity limits, and some products undergo third-party testing. Verification of identity can use infrared or Raman spectroscopy alongside chromatographic methods. Storage recommendations generally call for a cool, dry place and a tightly closed container to limit moisture uptake. Open questions include how packaging, flavoring agents, and long-term storage affect the stability of finished products.
Creatine monohydrate is a crystalline compound formed when one molecule of creatine associates with one molecule of water in the solid lattice. Its molecular formula is C4H11N3O3, and its molar mass is about 149.15 grams per mole. The material appears as a white, odorless powder that dissolves sparingly in water at room temperature. The monohydrate designation distinguishes it from anhydrous creatine, which lacks the bound water and has a lower molar mass. This hydrate is the most common commercial form of creatine used in nutritional and research settings.
Creatine is synthesized endogenously in humans, mainly in the liver, kidney, and pancreas, from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine. Skeletal muscle stores much of the body's creatine, where it participates in the phosphocreatine system that buffers adenosine triphosphate during short, intense contractions. Dietary sources include meat and fish, so omnivorous diets provide additional creatine beyond endogenous production. Supplemental creatine monohydrate supplies the same molecule found in food and tissues, not a distinct drug or hormone. Research interest centers on its role in cellular energy transfer and its effects on muscle and other tissues.
Creatine monohydrate is a crystalline compound formed when one molecule of creatine binds with one molecule of water. Creatine itself is a nitrogen-containing organic acid involved in cellular energy transfer, particularly in muscle and nerve tissue. The monohydrate form is the most common solid form used in research and commercial products because it is relatively stable and easy to handle. Its molecular formula is C4H9N3O2·H2O, and its molar mass is about 149.15 grams per mole.
In the human body, creatine is synthesized mainly in the liver and kidneys from the amino acids glycine, arginine, and methionine. Dietary sources include meat, fish, and other animal tissues, which supply preformed creatine. Because plant foods contain little or no creatine, dietary intake varies widely among populations. The compound is stored largely in skeletal muscle, where it is converted to phosphocreatine and used to regenerate adenosine triphosphate during short bursts of activity.
Creatine monohydrate is one of several solid forms of creatine described in the literature. Other forms include anhydrous creatine, creatine hydrochloride, and creatine ethyl ester, each with different solubility and stability characteristics. The monohydrate is distinct from creatinine, a spontaneous breakdown compound that forms when creatine loses water and cyclizes. Commercial descriptions sometimes use synonyms such as methylguanidoacetic acid or N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine, which refer to the same base molecule. These names appear in chemical databases and product labels.
In the body, creatine is synthesized from arginine, glycine, and methionine, mainly in the liver and kidneys, and is also obtained from foods such as meat and fish. About 95% of body creatine is stored in skeletal muscle, where a fraction is phosphorylated to phosphocreatine. Phosphocreatine serves as a rapid reserve of high-energy phosphate for short bursts of ATP regeneration. The monohydrate form supplies creatine after dissolution and absorption, but it is not itself the active phosphorylated species.
Creatine was first identified in skeletal muscle extracts in the nineteenth century, and its role in phosphagen energy buffering was clarified in the twentieth century. The monohydrate salt became widely studied after methods for inexpensive synthesis and crystallization were developed. Modern research examines its effects on muscle energetics, recovery, and cognitive performance under specific conditions. Findings vary with population, exercise protocol, baseline creatine status, and measurement method. Studies often compare supplementation with placebo during controlled training or testing schedules.
ENSO conditions have occurred at two- to seven-year intervals for at least the past 300 years, but most of them have been weak. El Niño may have led to the demise of the Moche c. 700 AD and other pre-Columbian Peruvian cultures. Around 1525, when Francisco Pizarro made landfall in Peru, he noted rainfall in the deserts, the first written record of the impacts of El Niño. A recent study suggests a strong El Niño effect between 1789 and 1793 caused poor crop yields in Europe, which in turn helped touch off the French Revolution. The extreme weather produced by El Niño in 1876–77 gave rise to the most deadly famines of the 19th century. The 1876 famine alone in northern China killed up to 13 million people. The phenomenon had long been of interest because of its effects on the guano industry and other enterprises that depend on biological productivity of the sea. It is recorded that as early as 1822, cartographer Joseph Lartigue, of the French frigate La Clorinde under Baron Mackau, noted the "counter-current" and its usefulness for traveling southward along the Peruvian coast. The strongest El Niño on record as of early 2026 occurred in 1877 to 1878, and led to a global famine that killed more than 50 million people—about 3-4 percent of the estimated global population. In 1888, Charles Todd suggested droughts in India and Australia tended to occur at the same time; Norman Lockyer noted the same in 1904. An El Niño connection with flooding was reported in 1894 by Victor Eguiguren (1852–1919) and in 1895 by Federico Alfonso Pezet (1859–1929).
== Dating with decay products of short-lived extinct radionuclides == Absolute radiometric dating requires a measurable fraction of parent nucleus to remain in the sample rock. For rocks dating back to the beginning of the Solar System, this requires extremely long-lived parent isotopes, making measurement of such rocks' exact ages imprecise. To be able to distinguish the relative ages of rocks from such old material, and to get a better time resolution than that available from long-lived isotopes, short-lived isotopes that are no longer present in the rock can be used. At the beginning of the solar system, there were several relatively short-lived radionuclides like 26Al, 60Fe, 53Mn, and 129I present within the solar nebula. These radionuclides—possibly produced by the explosion of a supernova—are extinct today, but their decay products can be detected in very old material, such as that which constitutes meteorites. By measuring the decay products of extinct radionuclides with a mass spectrometer and using isochronplots, it is possible to determine relative ages of different events in the early history of the solar system. Dating methods based on extinct radionuclides can also be calibrated with the U–Pb method to give absolute ages. Thus both the approximate age and a high time resolution can be obtained. Generally a shorter half-life leads to a higher time resolution at the expense of timescale.
=== Necrotizing enterocolitis === Low quality evidence suggests that oral lactoferrin supplementation with or without the addition of a probiotic may decrease late onset of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (stage II or III) in preterm infants with no adverse effects.
Anshel Pfeffer(Hebrew: אנשיל פפר, born 22 June 1973); British -Israeli journalist; a senior correspondent and columnist for Haaretz, covering military, Jewish and international affairs, and Israel correspondent for The Economist.; has also written for The Guardian, The New York Times, The Washington Post and The Times; received the B'nai B'rith award for "Recognizing Excellence in Diaspora Reportage" Melanie Phillips,(born 4 June 1951) Neoconservative, and right wing hawkish pro Zionist journalist; began her career writing for The Guardian and New Statesman; during the 1990s, she came to identify with ideas more associated with the right and currently writes for The Times, The Jerusalem Post, and The Jewish Chronicle, covering political and social issues from a social conservative perspective.Irving Kristol, defines her as a liberal who has "been mugged by reality";was panellist on BBC Radio 4 programme The Moral Maze and BBC One's Question Time; was awarded the Orwell Prize for Journalism Hella Pick CBE (24 April 1929 – 4 April 2024); in 1960, was UN correspondent of The Guardian newspaper, tutored by chief US correspondent Alistair Cooke; awarded CBE in 2000; was Arts & Culture Programme Director at Institute for Strategic Dialogue, an independent think-tank based in London; author ofSimon Wiesenthal: A Life in Search of Justice, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996; Guilty Victim – Austria from the Holocaust to Haider, I B Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000 and Invisible Walls, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2021 Gabriel Pogrund (born 1993 or 1994) is a journalist who has worked for the New Statesman, Shortlist, Ha'aretz and Jewish News and is currently Whitehall editor at The Sunday Times; won 2017 Young Journalist of the Year at the British Press Awards and in 2018 was a Stern Fellow at The Washington Post. In 2020 Pogrund and Patrick Maguire published Left Out: The Inside Story of Labour Under Corbyn, which in part, addresses charges of, and assumptions about 'the new anti-Semitism' in the Labour Party. Eve Pollard Evelyn, Lady Lloyd, (née Pollard, formerly Winkleman, born 25 December 1943); has been the editor of several tabloid newspapers; was fashion editor at Honey magazine; also worked for Daily Mirror; was launch editor-in-chief of Elle magazine in the US and edited Sunday magazine for the News of the World and You magazine for the Mail on Sunday; also worked in television as features editor of TV-am (1982–1983) and devised Frocks on the Box for ITV contractor TVS.; often appeared on radio and TV; was regular participant in Through the Keyhole; was a guest panellist on the talk show Loose Women; in 2016, was appointed the first Chair of Reporters without Borders in the UK. In June 2019, was awarded the prestigious Journalist Laureate prize by the London Press Club. She has been a member, appointed in 1999, of the Competition Commission's Newspaper Takeover Panel. Pollard was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2008 Birthday Honours List for services to journalism. Stephen Pollard (born 18 December 1964); was editor of The Jewish Chronicle; was researcher for Labour MP Peter Shore; worked for the Fabian Society; joined the Social Market Foundation; Senior Fellow at Civitas; was president for the Centre for the New Europe and in 2007, first chair of the European Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism;signatory founder of the Henry Jackson Society, a neoconservative British foreign policy think tank. Karen Pollock journalist, writer, activist chief executive of Holocaust Educational Trust (HET); was Director of the All-Party Parliamentary Group against Antisemitism; later joined Holocaust Educational Trust (HET); is involved with the anti-fascist organisation Searchlight and London Jewish Forum, as well as the Holocaust Memorial Day Trust. She has written for The Guardian, Jewish News, The Jewish Chronicle, and The Huffington Post; gave TED talk entitled 'The search for humanity in the Holocaust' for TEDxDurhamUniversity 2016. She represented British Jews at United Nations World Conference against Racism. She is a vice-president of the Jewish Leadership Council. She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to education, specifically about the Holocaust, and Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to Holocaust education. Marjorie Proops, agony aunt Richard Quest(born 9 March 1962) journalist and barrister working as news anchor for CNN International; also an editor-at-large of CNN Business; anchors Quest Means Business, the five-times-weekly business program and fronts the CNN shows Business Traveller, The Express and Quest's World of Wonder; Quest wrote the book, The Vanishing of Flight MH370: The True Story of the Hunt for the Missing Malaysian Plane, published by Penguin Random House on 8 March 2016. Kimberly Quinn (formerly Fortier; née Solomon; born 1961); journalist, commentator and magazine publisher and writer; publisher of British conservative news magazine The Spectator; has written for The Wall Street Journal, Vogue and UK newspapers The Daily Telegraph, The Times, Evening Standard, and The Independent; was the Communications and marketing director for Condé Nast Publications in the UK. Gideon Rachman (born 1963) is a British journalist of Jewish South African ancestry; adherent of Neoconservatism and right wing hawkish pro Zionism; was chief foreign affairs commentator of the Financial Times in July 2006. In 2016, won the Orwell Prize for political journalism and was awarded the Commentator Award at the European Press Prize awards; also worked with BBC World Service in 1984 and from 1988 to 1990, was a reporter for The Sunday Correspondent newspaper, Washington, D.C.; spent 15 years at The Economist newspaper. Barnaby Raine is an anti fascist, anti Zionist, pro-Palestinian author, journalist, intellectual and broadcaster, writing for New Internationalist, n+1, Salvage, Red Pepper, Novara Media, Jacobin, Counterfire and others. Claire Rayner, agony aunt Jay Rayner (born 14 September 1966) food critic for The Guardian, The Mail on Sunday, GQ, Esquire, Cosmopolitan, New Statesman and Granta; first novel, The Marble Kiss, published in 1994, shortlisted for Author's Club First Novel Award; second novel, Day of Atonement (1998) shortlisted for the Jewish Quarterly Prize for Fiction Hugo Rifkind(born 30 March 1977); columnist for The Times; presenter on Times Radio; regular guest on The News Quiz, on BBC Radio 4; contributes to GQ; son of Conservative Party politician Sir Malcolm Rifkind; Columnist of the Year in the 2011 Editorial Intelligence Comment Awards, and Media Commentator of the Year in the same awards in 2012; highly commended in the Best of Humour category at the Society of Editors' Press Awards; was Stonewall's Journalist of the Year; also named Best Grooming Journalist in the P&G Beauty Awards; In 2015, at the Comment Awards, he was named Arts, Culture and Entertainment Commentator of The Year. in 2017, he won both Best of Humour and Critic of the Year at the Society of Editors' Press Awards. Robert Rinder (born 31 May 1978), barrister, television personality and columnist for The Sun, Daily Mail, Evening Standard; host for TalkTV. In 2014, began hosting reality courtroom series Judge Rinder. In 2019, began hosting Channel 4 series The Rob Rinder Verdict. In 2022, Rinder became a regular host on ITV's Good Morning Britain. Nick Robinson (journalist), BBC broadcaster of German Jewish ancestry; was president of the Oxford University Conservative Association; president of the Conservative Party youth group; was deputy editor of Panorama; worked for ITV News as political editor; presented Westminster Live, Weekend Breakfast and Late Night Live on BBC Radio 5 Live, and Newsnight on BBC Two; covered general election for BBC Radio; co-hosted BBC Two's Icons: The Greatest Person of the 20th Century alongside Claudia Winkleman; hosted final debate between Boris Johnson and Jeremy Corbyn prior to 2019 general election; author of two books. Barney Ronay, chief sports writer for The Guardian, of Austrian Jewish descent; was educated at the University of Oxford; was included in list of most respected journalists working in Britain as published by the National Council for the Training of Journalists; nominated in the 'writer of the year' category at the 2018 Football Supporters Federation Awards. Jon Ronson, journalist, author, documentary filmmaker and radio presenter David Rose (journalist) (born 21 July 1959); author and investigative journalist; contributing editor with Vanity Fair; special investigations writer for The Mail on Sunday. His interests include human rights, miscarriages of justice, the death penalty, racism, the war on terror, politics, and climate change denial; author of six non-fiction books and a novel, Taking Morgan, a thriller set in Washington, Oxford, Tel Aviv and Gaza; named News Reporter of the Year in the Society of Editors British Press Awards for 2015; brother of Bernard Rose (director), filmmaker and screenwriter, considered pioneer of digital filmmaking. Phil Rosenberg (Jewish leader) (b. 1986) writes for Jewish Chronicle, Jewish News, Times of Israel, regularly appears on British television as social commentator; current President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews; served as a Labour councillor ; served as Director of the Faiths Forum for London managing relationships between various religious denominations; at University, was co-director of Muslim-Jewish dialogue group; ran Arab-Jewish dialogue group at Hebrew University in Jerusalem; works as consultant in government relations, media, faith, and diplomacy; Vice President at the World Jewish Congress, extending influence and involvement in global Jewish affairs; Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council and a Trustee of the Holocaust Memorial Day Trust. Steve Rosenberg (born 5 April 1968); was part of CBS News crew covering first war in Chechnya; journalist for BBC News and has been the BBC's Moscow correspondent since 2003, except for stint as Berlin correspondent between 2006 and 2010; in 2022, was appointed BBC's Russia editor. Jonathan Rosenhead (born 21 September 1938), mathematician, operational researcher and Labour Party activist; author of a number of scholarly monographs and works of political analysis, including The Technology of Political Control, published by Penguin Books; op-ed journalist for The Guardian, New Scientist, Haaretz, Times Higher Education (THE), openDemocracy, and anti-Zionist website Mondoweiss; active in the British Society for Social Responsibility in Science over a 20-year period; is chairman of the British Committee for the Universities of Palestine (BRICUP) and information officer for Jewish Voice for Labour. Joshua Rozenberg KC (hon) (born 1950), British solicitor, legal affairs commentator, journalist; husband of Melanie Phillips, began career in journalism in 1975 at the BBC where he launched Law in Action on BBC Radio 4 in 1984. At BBC he worked as producer, reporter and legal correspondent; in 2000 left to join The Daily Telegraph as legal affairs editor, where he remained until 2008. After leaving the Telegraph wrote for Evening Standard ; writes for Law Society Gazette and The Critic; wrote for The Guardian's online law page from 2010 to 2016; returned to the BBC to present Law in Action, nearly 25 years after leaving the radio programme. He continues to be seen on BBC Television News as a legal affairs analyst. In January 2016, was made an honorary QC. Dan Sabbagh, Defence and Security Editor and Journalist for The Guardian Jonathan Sacerdoti, writer, campaigner, broadcaster, journalist and TV producer; covers stories relating to the UK and Europe, as well as terrorism and extremism stories, race relations, Middle East analysis and the British royal family. He is also a campaigner against antisemitism. James Schneider (born 17 June 1987) political organiser, journalist; co-founded the left-wing grassroots movement Momentum; was PR advisor to Jeremy Corbyn as Director of Strategic Communications; joined Think Africa Press in 2010, a role he held until he became the senior correspondent at New African; has written articles for publications such as The Independent, the New Statesman, Novara Media, and LabourList. L. J. K. Setright, motoring journalist Rachel Shabi; British journalist and author; contributing writer to The Guardian and the author of Not the Enemy, Israel's Jews from Arab Lands, which argued that Israel has discriminated against and culturally stripped its population of Jews from Arab and Muslim countries. The book received a National Jewish Book Award.Born in Israel to Iraqi Jewish parents in Ramat Gan, Shabi grew up in the UK. Jonathan Shalit (born 17 April 1962), journalist writing for Jewish Chronicle, The Sun, The Telegraph, Daily Express, Royal Television; talent manager and chairman of the InterTalent Rights Group; advises government on the UK's entertainment and creative industries; has guided and managed Charlotte Church, Mel B, Baroness Brady, Kelly Brook, Cher, Dame Joan Collins, Rebecca Ferguson, Katherine Jenkins, Sir Elton John, Vinnie Jones, Kelly Hoppen, Lorraine Kelly, Myleene Klass, N-Dubz, Arlene Phillips, Sir George Martin (the Beatles' producer), Pixie Lott, Sting, Tulisa, Gregg Wallace, Simon Cowell, and the winners of the ITV television talent show Britain's Got Talent. Shalit is chair of trustees and Chief Barker of Variety, the Children's Charity and a leading figure behind the return to London of the Variety Club Showbusiness Awards in 2022. He is also Chairman of the MOBO Charity Foundation (Music of Black Origin), a Trustee of both ChickenShed (Theatre Changing Lives), Patron of the Royal Television Society and co-chairman of the Classic BRITS, and a supporter of Norwood. He gave evidence to Leveson Inquiry into practices and ethics of British Press and was awarded the OBE in 2014 for services to entertainment industry. He also holds an honorary professorship, awarded in 2012, and honorary doctorate at Henley Business School of Reading University in recognition of his contribution to the arts, music and broadcasting. Miriam Shaviv (born 24 August 1976), columnist for "The Jewish Chronicle", "Haaretz", "The Times of Israel", "The Forward"; former literary editor of The Jerusalem Post; Features Editor of the "Times Higher Education" magazine. David Shukman (born 30 May 1958) journalist, and the former science editor of BBC News. Alexandra Shulman (born 13 November 1957); daughter of the critic Milton Shulman and the writer Drusilla Beyfus; previously worked at Arista Records; columnist for The Daily Telegraph and Daily Mail; first novel, Can We Still Be Friends?, published in 2012; was assessed as one of the 100 most powerful women in the United Kingdom by Woman's Hour on BBC Radio 4. Shulman was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2005 New Year Honours for services to the magazine industry. She was later promoted to Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2018 New Year Honours for services to fashion journalism; was formerly a trustee of the National Portrait Gallery. Brother Jason Shulman worked as graphic designer for The Sunday Telegraph and art director for Harpers & Queen and Harvey Nichols' magazines. Jake Wallis Simons; Editor of the Jewish Chronicle, writer for The Jerusalem Post, The Times of Israel, Haaretz, the Spectator, the Telegraph, a commentator for Sky News and a broadcaster for BBC Radio 4 and the World Service; was Associate Global Editor for the Daily Mail Online, and features writer for the Sunday Telegraph; also worked for the Times, The Guardian, CNN, POLITICO, Newsweek and La Repubblica; author of Israelophobia: The Newest Version of the Oldest Hatred and What To Do About It, published by Little, Brown and Company Samantha Simmonds (born 1972 or 1973); newsreader, television presenter and journalist; was a news anchor for Sky News until July 2016; returned to presenting for BBC News in March 2017; has also written for Jewish News, MSN (US), Daily Mail, Daily Mirror, The Sun, The Telegraph, Yahoo News Australia, Evening Standard, Times of Israel, Good Housekeeping (UK), HuffPost UK, Women's Health, Women's Health (UK), TV Times, Glamour (UK), Celebs Now, The Jewish Chronicle, Woman Magazine. Ruth Smeeth (née Anderson; born 29 June 1979);Labour Party politician;became director of public affairs and campaigns at the Britain Israel Communications and Research Centre (BICOM) in November 2005; writes for Index on Censorship, The Guardian, Daily Mail, The Independent, The Telegraph, Daily Express, The Sunday Times, The Times, Times of Israel, HuffPost UK, New Statesman;was a deputy director of anti-racist organisation, Hope not Hate. She has also been employed by the Community Security Trust and has worked for the Board of Deputies of British Jews and she is a member of Labour Friends of Israel.; became chief executive of Index on Censorship, an organisation which campaigns for freedom of speech. Jon Sopel, journalist; presents The Politics Show on BBC One; one of the lead presenters on News 24; voted 'Political Journalist of the Year' by Public Affairs Industry; shortlisted for 'National Presenter of the Year' at the Royal Television Society television journalism awards 2011/2012. Hedi Stadlen (6 January 1916 – 21 January 2004), British, of Austrian Jewish ancestry, journalist, pamphleteer, Communist, Musicologist, better known in Sri Lanka as Hedi Keuneman, was an Austrian Jewish philosopher, political activist, and musicologist. She was one of the handful of European Radicals in Sri Lanka. Matthew Stadlen is her grandson. Matthew Stadlen (b.1979); presenter on LBC, BBC Radio 5 Live; grandson of concert pianist Peter Stadlen and Hedi Stadlen, activist and musicologist; worked on Newsnight, The New Statesman, The Spectator and for Radio Times, and has worked as a consultant on ITV political programmes Bob Stanley (born Robert Andrew Shukman; 25 December 1964); musician, journalist, author, film producer; member of indie pop group Saint Etienne and music journalist for NME, Melody Maker, Mojo, The Guardian and The Times, as well as writing three books on music and football; also has a career as a DJ and as a producer of record labels, and has collaborated on a series of films about London. His second publication, Yeah! Yeah! Yeah!: The Story of Modern Pop, published by Faber & Faber; third publication Let's Do It: The Birth of Pop Music: A History, published by Pegasus. Mark Steyn (born 8 December 1959) is a British-Canadian author and a radio and television presenter. He has written several books. He is Anglican, but has Jewish maternal ancestry. Steyn's great-aunt was artist Stella Steyn. His mother's family was Belgian. Zoe Strimpel(born 8 July 1982); journalist, author, and commentator on gender and relationships. She is a columnist for The Sunday Telegraph where she writes a weekly column, commenting on gender, feminism, dating, relationships and identity politics;has also written on relations between men and women for Elle, the Sunday Times Style magazine, and HuffPost. She has also contributed to The Jewish Chronicle, The Spectator, and UnHerd. John Suchet, newsreader, journalist and brother of actor David Suchet, son of Jack Suchet, of Russian Jewish ancestry. He is the father of Russia Today RT journalist and presenter Rory Suchet. Helen Szamuely (25 June 1950 – 5 April 2017), historian and Eurosceptic, researcher for the Bruges Group (United Kingdom); daughter of Lenin Boys leader, Tibor Szamuely, wrote for the BBC Russian Service, History Today, Standpoint, New Statesman, Guardian, Salisbury Review, EUobserver and Social Affairs Unit; sister of George Szamuely. Christopher Tugendhat, Baron Tugendhat (born 23 February 1937),; Conservative Party politician, businessman, journalist and author; Member of Parliament until 1977, then Member of the European Commission, Lord Tugendhat entered the House of Lords in 1993; sits as Life Peer; was features editor and leader writer for the Financial Times; served as Vice-President of European Commission; author of Oil: The Biggest Business (1968); Multinationals (1971); Making Sense of Europe (1986); Options for British Foreign Policy in the 1990s (Nov 1988) Tom Tugendhat (born 27 June 1973) journalist; has written for Daily Mail, Financial Times, Jewish News, Jewish Chronicle; is also Minister of State for Security; member of Conservative Party, Member of Parliament; was chairman of the House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee; has served as public relations consultant in the Middle East and was officer in the British Army reserves, the Territorial Army; Tugendhat served in the Iraq War and the Afghanistan War. Ed Vaizey (born June 1968) Baron Vaizey of Didcot; of Polish Jewish ancestry; commentator for Conservative Party in broadcast and news media; wrote for The Guardian, The Sunday Times, The Times and The Daily Telegraph; briefly wrote editorials for the Evening Standard; also a regular broadcaster, having appeared on Fi Glover's and Edwina Currie's shows on BBC Radio 5 Live, as regular panelist on Channel 5's The Wright Stuff, BBC Radio 4's Despatch Box and Westminster Hour, and occasionally presented People and Politics on the BBC World Service; in 2010, was named tenth in the 2010 Guardian Film Power 100 list. He played a cameo role as an Oxfordshire MP in the 2012 film Tortoise in Love. Adam Wagner; journalist and op-ed writer for The Jewish Chronicle, Times of Israel, Haaretz, The Guardian, Forbes, Daily Mirror, HuffPostUK, New Statesman; barrister, a member of the Equality and Human Rights Commission's panel of counsel. In 2019 he represented Campaign Against Antisemitism (CAA) in its case a formal investigation under section 20 of the Equality Act 2006 into whether Labour Party had "unlawfully discriminated against, harassed or victimised people because they are Jewish"; specialist in human rights and public law, including COVID-19 lockdown rules. George Weidenfeld, Baron Weidenfeld, (13 September 1919 – 20 January 2016) was a British publisher, philanthropist, and newspaper columnist. He was also a lifelong Zionist and renowned as a master networker. He was on good terms with popes, prime ministers and presidents and put his connections to good use for diplomatic and philanthropic ends; founder of Institute for Strategic Dialogue Victor Weisz, Vicky, cartoonist Claudia Winkleman (born 15 January 1972); television presenter, radio personality, film critic and journalist; has written for The Sunday Times, The Independent, London paper Metro and has written opinion-led lifestyle journalism for Cosmopolitan, Tatler and The Independent; has also written for BBC, Daily Mail, The Mirror UK, The Sun, The Telegraph, Daily Express, The Times, and Radio Times Jonathan Wittenberg (born 17 September 1957 in Glasgow, Scotland); Masorti rabbi, the Senior Rabbi of Masorti Judaism UK; leading writer and thinker on Judaism; has written for The Guardian, Daily Mirror, HuffPost, Times of Israel, Haaretz, and The Jewish Chronicle. He is Rabbi of the New North London Synagogue,; member of the Elijah Interfaith Institute Board of World Religious Leaders.; has featured on Thought for the Day on the BBC Radio Four Today programme. Martin Wolf (born 16 August 1946 in London) journalist; chief economics commentator at the Financial Times; widely regarded as one of the most influential economics journalists in the world. Lawrence H. Summers called him "the world's preeminent financial journalist." Mohamed A. El-Erian, former CEO of the PIMCO, said Wolf is "by far, the most influential economic columnist out there".Prospect magazine described him as "the Anglosphere's most influential finance journalist",; Kenneth Rogoff said, "He really is the premier financial and economics writer in the world". In 2012, he received the Ischia International Journalism Award.In 2019, Wolf received the Gerald Loeb Lifetime Achievement Award from the UCLA Anderson School of Management. Donald Zec (12 March 1919 – 6 September 2021); author of over ten books, newspaper journalist and biographer; worked for the Daily Mirror for 40 years.
== Food sources == Flax seeds and sesame seeds contain high levels of lignans. The principal lignan precursor found in flaxseeds is secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Other foods containing lignans include cereals (rye, wheat, oat and barley), soybeans, tofu, cruciferous vegetables (such as broccoli and cabbage), and some fruits (particularly apricots and strawberries). Lignans are not present in seed oil, and their contents in whole or ground seeds may vary according to geographic location, climate, and maturity of the seed crop, and the duration of seed storage. Secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol were the first plant lignans identified in foods. Typically, lariciresinol and pinoresinol contribute about 75% to the total lignan intake, whereas secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol contribute only about 25%. Foods containing lignans:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Legal status === Before August 1993, LAAM was classified as a schedule I drug in the United States. LAAM is not approved for use in Australia and Canada. At present, it is a Schedule II Narcotic controlled substance in the United States with a DEA ACSCN of 9648 and a national aggregate annual manufacturing quota of 4 grams as of 2013.
== VEGFR == The VEGF receptor family contains three members, which are all receptor tyrosine kinases (VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3). VEGFR-1, or FLT-1 (fms-like tyrosine kinase), are important for hematopoietic stem cell development, VEGFR-2 (KDRor FLK-1 (fetal liver kinase)) are vital to vascular endothelial cell development and VEGFR-3 (FLT-4) for lymphatic endothelial cell development. Binding of VEGF to the VEGFR induces a conformational change in the receptor producing a signaling pathway.
Blumenthal was inspired as a teenager by trips to the Michelin-starred restaurants in France and the work of Harold McGee. McGee's work in particular led him to question traditional cooking techniques and approaches which resulted in combinations which may at first appear unusual. Blumenthal incorporates psychology and the perception of diners into his dishes. He gave the example of a dish of sardine on toast sorbet: "The brain will be trying to tell the palate to expect a dessert and you will therefore be tasting more sweetness than actually exists." The Fat Duck serves a tasting menu. Dishes served include palate cleansers made of vodka and green tea, frozen in liquid nitrogen, a snail porridge described by one food critic as "infamous", and ice creams of both crab, and egg and bacon, each of which drew media attention. The mock turtle soup has an Alice in Wonderland theme, whereby a fob watch formed of freeze-dried beef stock covered with gold leaf is dropped into a teacup by a waiter, who pours a beef stock "tea" poured over it that dissolves the gold and the watch. A plate of ox tongue and vegetables is served alongside to place into the soup. Toast sandwiches, developed for an appearance on Heston's Feasts, are served as a side dish. Dishes are served with additional sensory inputs, such as "Sounds of the Sea", a plate of seafood served with a seafood foam on top of a "beach" of tapioca, breadcrumbs and eel. Alongside the dish, diners are given an iPod to listen to crashing waves whilst they eat.
The size of the units which count effectively in international politics grows steadily larger. There is no longer room in Europe today for those three or four important and strong countries whose more or less equal rivalries enabled Great Britain in the past to secure herself through the policy of the balance of power. Much nonsense has been talked in recent years about the balance of power. But the confusion of thought resulting from the attempt to brand it as a morally reprehensive policy has been less serious than the confusion resulting from the assumption that it is a policy which can be applied at all times and in all circumstances. The principal military reason why … is that the balance of power in Europe has hopelessly broken down... The possibility of restoring the balance did not exist after 1919; and British policy, based on a false premise, ended in disaster. In 1941, Winston Churchill was criticized by his rival, Adolf Hitler, for his adherence to the balance of power:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Guanacastepene A is a compound showing antibiotic activity. It is a diterpene that was extracted with hexane from a Costa Rican fungus, CR115, found on the branches of the Daphnopsis americana tree and purified by chromatography.
== Disease relevance == A deficiency in any of the enzymes of this complex as well as an inhibition of the complex as a whole leads to a buildup of branched-chain amino acids and their harmful derivatives in the body. These accumulations lend a sweet smell to bodily excretions (such as ear wax and urine), leading to a pathology known as maple syrup urine disease. This enzyme is an autoantigen recognized in primary biliary cirrhosis, a form of acute liver failure. These antibodies appear to recognize oxidized protein that has resulted from inflammatory immune responses. Some of these inflammatory responses are explained by gluten sensitivity. Other mitochondrial autoantigens include pyruvate dehydrogenase and branched-chain oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, which are antigens recognized by anti-mitochondrial antibodies. Mutations of the BCKDK gene, whose protein product controls the activity of the complex, may result in over-activation of the complex and excessive catabolism of the three amino acids. This leads to branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase kinase deficiency, a rare disease first described in humans in 2012.
When a dry porous medium is brought into contact with a liquid, it will absorb the liquid at a rate which decreases over time. When considering evaporation, liquid penetration will reach a limit dependent on parameters of temperature, humidity and permeability. This process is known as evaporation limited capillary penetration and is widely observed in common situations including fluid absorption into paper and rising damp in concrete or masonry walls. For a bar shaped section of material with cross-sectional area A that is wetted on one end, the cumulative volume V of absorbed liquid after a time t is
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
A sealed container at room temperature, away from moisture and direct heat, is suitable for most solid material. Keeping the lid closed limits water uptake and caking. Long-term storage in a refrigerator is not necessary if the powder remains dry.
Heat, moisture, and prolonged time in solution promote conversion to creatinine. The reaction is faster at higher temperatures and at pH values far from neutral. Dry powder is much more stable than dissolved material.
Common methods include high-performance liquid chromatography for creatine and creatinine, plus water-content analysis by Karl Fischer titration. Heavy metals, residual solvents, and microbial limits may also be tested. A specification may list total creatine content and impurity limits.
It is a compound made of creatine bound to one water molecule. It appears as a white crystalline powder and is the most common solid form of creatine used in research and supplements.